Smart Phones Essay -- Technology, iPhone

Abstract: Apple’s iPhone initiated the popularization of smart phones in 2007. Smart phones and similar mobile computing devices have led to an unprecedented surge in mobile data usage which is a double edged sword as it generates more revenue for carriers, however the rapidly increasing number of devices and the way they operate, most wireless networks today are heavily congested which reduces the Quality-of-Service and will have detrimental effects in the long run if not curbed swiftly. This paper examines the effects smart phones have had on wireless cellular networks, their cause and what strategies will mitigate these adverse effects. I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION In the past few years, the mobile communications industry has seen an explosive growth of mobile data [1]. This phenomenon can be attributed to the Apple iPhone which when released in 2007 ushered in the era of smart phones and other mobile computing devices. Even though smart phones did exist before the iPhone, it was the Apple iPhone which truly brought smart phones to the masses. This was followed closely by Google Android, tablet computers such as the iPad and other developments in the mobile communications industry which paved the way for smart phones to become a substantial share of worldwide mobile handset sales. One key development which also led to the rise of smart phones was the development of high data rates standards such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and Evolution Data-Optimized (EV-DO). Smart phones are able to provide users with a wide variety of features which usually require heavy data transfer such as video calls, high-quality video streaming, location- based data services and other content delivery services. These features led to the p... ...etwork to the maximum without causing network management issues. iv. The future network should be designed to support only data communication where the voice communication will be done over VoIP. An only data design would simplify the design of this network by significantly reducing the number of processes and eliminating circuit switching parameters. It should have an advanced air-interface coupled with a scalable backhaul network to deal with increasing mobile data. VI. CONCLUSION This paper analyzed the impact of smart phones on wireless cellular carriers. The cause and effects on carriers as well as possible mitigation strategies were explored. Network congestion is the immediate challenge facing cellular carrier, but the mobile industry as a whole faces numerous challenges ahead. The paper also discussed some of features that future networks might include.

Negotiation in Management Decision Making Essay

Having been approached by The Director of the Cowley Council Council (CCC) regarding an industrial dispute with their refuse collectors, a report has been prepared to give insight into the field of negotiation and aid the council in their talks with the refuse collectors. The dispute is primarily concerned with CCC’s plans to change working practices but there are also a number of other issues regarding pay, shift patterns and recent cuts in the training budget and expenses. The refuse collectors are threatening to go on strike if their demands are not met, an action that the council would undoubtedly like to avoid. According to Rubin and Brown (1975), negotiation refers to a process in which individuals work together to formulate agreements regarding an issue or issues in dispute. An agreement will only occur if the offers made are accepted by both of the parties (Neale & Northcraft 1991) and should lead to order and stability, foster social harmony, increase feelings of self-efficacy, reduce the probability of future conflict, and stimulate economic prosperity (Rubin et al 1994). Getting the negotiation game right is ever important for managers â€Å"as the global economy expands, as the service sector grows, as corporate restructuring continues and as employees continue to be concerned with managing their own careers† (Neale and Bazerman 1992: 3). The initial stages of the report will cover theory and research on the decision-analytic approach to negotiation and discuss its relevance and potential use for CCC regarding its dispute with the Cowley refuse collectors. I will then identify potential biases and pitfalls that can act as barriers to effective negotiation that CCC should try to avoid. Finally I will conclude and outline suggested proposals for CCC to consider with the aim of assisting and improving their negotiations with the refuse collectors. The decision-analytic approach to decision making is a more pragmatic alternative to the dominant psychological and economic perspectives, which contain a number of limitations. The individual-attribute literature fails to measure dispositions adequately, the situational literature does not consider the importance of the negotiator’s perceptions in interpreting situational characteristics (Neale and Bazerman 1991: 20) and the game theory unrealistically assumes â€Å"impeccably rational, supersmart people† (Raiffa 1982, 2001). What differentiates the decision-analytic approach is its focus on â€Å"how erring folks like you and me actually behave† rather than on how we would behave if we were â€Å"smarter, thought harder, were more consistent, were all knowing† (Raiffa, 1982: 21). Previous psychological and economic approaches have focused on describing how people make decisions or prescribing how to improve decision making. However, â€Å"very little interaction has occurred between the descriptive and prescriptive camps† (Neale and Bazerman 1991: 20), and it is Raiffa’s (1982) avocation of an â€Å"asymmetrical† prescriptive/descriptive relationship that makes the decision-analytic approach stand out, â€Å"creating a prescriptive need to descriptively understand how negotiators actually make decisions† (Bazerman et al 2001). Many scholars hold the view that the prescriptions gained from this model are more valuable than those offered by more traditional approaches (Lax and Sebenius 1986). Raiffa’s framework for approaching effective negotiations distinguishes three sets of information, a combination of which determines the structure of the negotiation game: each parties alternative to a negotiated agreement, each parties set of interests, and the relative importance of each parties interests. â€Å"To develop agreement, people need to get a good understanding of their own preferences and priorities, to communicate those to their counterpart, and to integrate information about other’s preferences and priorities into their own understanding of the problem at hand† (De Dreu et al 2000). Before CCC enter into any negotiations with the refuse collectors, it is imperative to determine a Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), â€Å"the standard against which any proposed agreement should be  measured† (Fisher, and Ury 1981). Negotiations can be greatly improved by identifying a BATNA and â€Å"carefully evaluating the negotiated agreement against that alternative† (Ertel 1999). This helps negotiators fix a reservation point, a lower bound, which is crucial to monitor throughout the negotiation. Agreements that provide more value than the BATNA are preferred over impasse; likewise any agreements that provide less than the BATNA should be rejected. A potential BATNA for CCC would be to look into other refuse collection companies opening up the possibility of privatisation. The privatisation of refuse collection is a serious consideration in many areas of the UK and a â€Å"major debating point for the city council† (Birmingham Mail 2013) in Birmingham. Waste Concern, a private refuse collection company, claims that 17% of council tax goes towards refuse collection and that privatisation would lead to a cheaper, more frequent collection service, and a more efficient recycling system (edieWaste 2010). If CCC values the current refuse collectors, despite the current dispute, and they are reluctant to consider such an ultimatum, they could consider a more strategic change by introducing the proposed changes incrementally, or by altering the amount of changes being made. It is crucial for negotiators to understand each party’s key interests and how they align (Reardon 2005 : 28). Fisher and Ury (1981) emphasize the importance of the distinction between a parties’ position, and their interests, with a position being the stated requirement that a party demands from the other side, whist an interest is the underlying desire of the negotiator and the motives for their position. It can however be difficult to understand ones interests and those of the other party. CCC’s primary interests are increasing productivity and decreasing costs, whilst the refuse collectors’ interests are concerned with their financial rewards. It is however important to try and understand all of the parties’ interests. The Personnel Director may be under pressure to cut costs in order to stick to a budget so her personal interests may have more focus on performing her job in order to maintain it. The interests of the refuse collectors also concern HR aspects such as, work life balance and training and development. These interests are motives behind the position of their threat of strike, and further scrutiny may offer CCC potential areas to focus on during negotiation. Focussing on deeper interests can provide a more reasonable bargaining platform and a creative and practical solution to a negotiation. Once the interests of each party have been established, it is important for negotiators to try and value the relative importance of each party’s interests. This then allows the parties to effectively trade-off less important issues to gain more important issues. If CCC can establish that, for example, the refuse collectors desire a better work life balance as well as sufficient financial benefits, there may be potential for a medium ground to be reached offering a certain amount of each. The importance of interests often comes down to economic factors, thus job security is frequent consideration. In this instance the job security of the refuse collectors is at risk as there is a chance of redundancies if they do not cooperate. This information provides â€Å"the building blocks for thinking analytically about a negotiation† (Bazerman and Moore 2009:154) and prepares the parties for the two primary tasks of negotiation: creating and claiming value (Lax and Sebenius 1986). It is crucial for negotiators to establish the reservation points of both parties. That is the worst possible outcome they will accept before a negotiation is impasse. With both reservation points established, a positive bargaining zone is created, which allows negotiators to â€Å"aim for a resolution that is barely acceptable to the other party† (Bazerman and Moore 2009: 156) by getting as close to their reservation point as possible. It is however, also vital for both parties to try and cooperate in creating value in the negotiation, as there is often â€Å"opportunity to considerably enlarge the pie before cutting it into shares for each side to enjoy† (Raiffa 2002: 91). Lax and Sebenius (1986) stress that differences must be seen as opportunities, as opposed to barriers, that can be explored to find the most efficient solution rather than just ‘satisficing’ (Simon 1956). According to Schmidt and Tannenbaum (1960) â€Å"differences can help to increase the range and variety of alternatives suggested† and even potentially â€Å"enrich ones own goals, ideas, and methods. † So CCC must capitalise on the differences in the party preferences (Pruitt 1983) by evaluating the  position of the refuse collectors, and looking into finer detail at the interests behind these positions, before attempting to develop â€Å"novel alternatives† through â€Å"creative problem solving† (Neale and Bazerman 1991: 24). Negotiation then depends fundamentally on parties’ ability to trade issues against each other (Froman & Cohen 1970) and â€Å"place demands and formulate concessions to foster agreements that meet their own goals, while avoiding that the counterpart leaves the situation† (De Dreu et al 2000). CCC could for example offer certain alternative benefits to the refuse collectors if the changes are implemented. Perhaps an investment in more efficient equipment and machinery would be appealing. There are certain tools that negotiators can use in order to aid their efforts in collecting information and subsequently increase the probability of creating value. It is certainly the case that deception is often used in negotiation (Schweitzer 1997) and can be an effective strategy for increasing one’s own outcomes (O’Connor and Carnevale 1997). However in this instance, both parties must also note that building trust and initiating a â€Å"free flow of information is critical to finding and integrative agreement† (Johns and Saks 2011)). In heated negotiations this is far easier said than done, as neither side wants to give away too much information on their stance on particular issues. However, CCC is in the position to try and create a trustworthy relationship in order to improve their informational position. The director could inform the refuse collectors of the councils’ pressures and financial limitations that are the driving factor behind the need to change the working practices and make cuts. If no suitable solution is agreed upon, then there may have to be redundancies, as the council cannot overspend. Another tactic could be to strategically disclose some information. As behaviours in negotiation are often reciprocated (Lewicki and Litterer 1985), this may prompt the refuse collectors to open up and start revealing information which may facilitate the negotiation process. CCC must also ask a lot of questions to increase the chances of ascertaining critical information. According to Bazerman and Moore (2009: 162) â€Å"asking questions and listening actively are the keys to collecting important new information from the other side† but it also important for negotiators to remember that information can be gained from what is not said, as well as  what is said. An alternative to trading issues would be for CCC to arrange some kind of contingency contract to verify weather their plans to change working practices is fair or weather it is being rightly disputed by the refuse collectors. CCC could assess a weeks worth of collection rounds and together with the refuse collectors, formulate weekly targets in terms of time and productivity. A weeks trial on this type of contingency contract could easily establish weather CCC’s planned changes are justifiable or not. There are a number of ways in which contingent contracts can benefit the outcomes to negotiations as outlined by Bazerman and Gillespie (1999). Firstly organising the implementation of a contingency contract can identify bluffs by insincere parties. This will aid CCC initially with regard to their uncertainties over issues such as the number of staff needed on each collection round, shift patterns and pay. Contingency contracts are also a useful tool in incentivising performance. It may provide more motivation for the refuse collectors to start working at or above the levels specified in the contract.

The Increasing of the Minimum Wage - 1140 Words

It has been said that we live in an era where people are looking for more increasing on everything, and they look for the increasing every single day. One of the most political issues that are noticeable in 2014 is the idea of the increasing of minimum wage. An article that was written by a group of journalists in the Governing the State and Localities discusses this issue. They say that President Obama talked about increasing the minimum wage. The minimum wage is 7.5, and he wants to increase this number to be around 9 dollars. There is no doubt this news could bring a lot of happiness to huge number of people, and at the same time, it would rise up some social or economic problems. Although this news about increasing of the minimum wage†¦show more content†¦Some people might see the idea of increasing the minimum wage from another angle, and they see a number of disadvantages. These people consider the fact that they could be unemployed by increasing their minimum wage, an d at the same time, they do not want anything that could cause them to lose their jobs. It is the matter of fact that everyone does not want to lose his or her job especially if their jobs are the main resource of their income. For a father or a mother who is responsible to put the bread on the family table, it is hard to them to find another job if they lost theirs. There is on one wants his or her job to be at risk. One of the most reasons that some one of these people would disagree with an idea of the increasing of the minimum wage is most of the companies would rely on technology instated of them. Although that technology makes our lives better and easier, it could cause others jobs. If we go to some supermarkets, we will see that these supermarkets have replaced human cashers with computers that can do the same job. What these people points at is a lot of companies would replace them with technology in order to make their economic status better. If these companies had to pay m ore to people, they are going to come up with technology that will not cost them anything in salary wise. This issue could be solved so easily, and it should not be a threat to anyone who disagrees with the idea of increasing the minimumShow MoreRelatedEffects of Increasing Minimum Wage794 Words   |  3 Pagesa federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers and allow workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is whether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address, and after this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only on the pro side and the con side of increasing the minimum wage, but alsoRead MoreEffects of Increasing Minimum Wage Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of having a federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers from discrimination and allow all workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is w hether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10 per hour. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address on January 28, and following this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only onRead MoreEssay The Importance of Increasing the Minimum Wage634 Words   |  3 Pages An adult supporting themselves on minimum wage is hard enough, but to support a family as well can send a person plummeting below the poverty line. The set minimum wage of $7.25 is not the minimum wage we think it is. Minimum wage workers are not just teenagers taking your orders at a fast food restaurant, they are people of any and all ages trying to earn enough money to put bread on the table. The causes of the inflation of minimum wage are a conglomerate of selfish political leaders, lackRead MoreIncreasing Minimum Wage For Women And Young Employees901 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems concerning pay discrimination. This essay is going to discuss whether or not the solution of increasing minimum wage for women and young employees could reduce the issue of income inequality such that it would improve all salaries from different occupations, help single mothers to support the family, and reduce youth unemployment. The first result from the solution of increasing minimum wage is improving all salaries from different occupations. Over the last 25 years there have been severalRead MoreThe Effects Of Increasing Minimum Wage On The United States1853 Words   |  8 Pages The Effects of Increasing Minimum Wage Caroline Mattox Central Virginia Community College Introduction In 1938, the first national minimum wage laws in the United States were passed as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which served as â€Å"a floor below wages,† to reduce poverty and to ensure that economic growth is shared across the workforce. Today, many people who work for companies that pay at or near the minimum wage and remain near or below the poverty level rely on governmentRead More Increasing the Minimum Wage Will Reduce Income Inequality Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesNo person can maximize the American Dream on the minimum wage. -- Benjamin Todd Jealous No family gets rich from earning the minimum wage. In fact, the current minimum wage does not even lift a family out of poverty. -- Jon Corzine Income inequality has been a major problem facing American society for decades, but has recently become a major concern. I personally believe the major gap between the income of the rich and poor is a not just, but is not a major concern for the governmentRead MoreIncreasing Minimum Wage in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands1167 Words   |  5 PagesEarly in the management of the FLSA, it became apparent that submission of the statutory minimum salary was expected to produce undesirable consequences upon the finances of Puerto Rico and the Virgin isles if applied to all of their covered industries. Consequently on June 26, 1940, an amendment was enacted prescribing the establishment of exceptional commerce managing groups to determine, and topic through salary instructions, the smallest salary grades applicable in Puerto Rico and the VirginRead MoreShould Minimum Wage Be Increased?1691 Words   |  7 PagesShould Minimum Wage be Increased? Introduction The term, â€Å"minimum wage† refers to a lowest payment that an employer is bound to pay to its workers. Today minimum wage is made compulsory in more than ninety percent of nations including Canada where workers are demanding to increase minimum wages for a long time. Minimum wages are revised by governments in order to met growing needs of workers. There is a difference of opinion on the issue of increasing minimum wages among people of Canada. EmployersRead MorePros And Cons Of Raising The Minimum Wage1122 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2009, the federal minimum wage rate for employees has been $7.25 per hour. In retrospect, this is hardly enough pay to take care of one’s self-- let alone a family with children. If a person were to add up the average cost of living for one week and then compare it to the average amount of money earned in minimum wage for that week, it would be apparent that there is little to no extra money for emergency situations. Increasing the mini mum wage has been a major controversial issue; DemocratsRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage845 Words   |  4 Pagespresidential election of 2016, low-wage workers began demanding for a raise in the minimum wage to fifteen dollars an hour. On April of 2016, governor Jerry Brown signed the minimum wage to be raised to $15–an-Hour in California by 2022. It is hoped that raising the minimum wage will reduce the economic disparity between the wealthy and the poor and to help people who earn minimum wage gain more purchasing power. However, the article California Moves Toward $15-an-Hour Minimum Wage by Alejandro Lazo and Eliot

Marketing and Godiva - 1837 Words

There is more to life than money There is more to life than fame and There is more to life with Godiva’s chocolate Godiva Background Godiva Chocolatier, a Belgium chocolate manufacturer famous for its premium quality handcrafted chocolates, was founded in 1926 in Brussels by the master chocolatier Joseph Draps and it was purchased by the Campbell Soup Company which faciliatates the activities of brand aroun the World. In 2001 Godiva was purchased by the Turkish YÄ ±ldÄ ±z Holding, owner of the ÃÅ"lker Group. and on Februrary 1st 2013 the former owner of Godiva Chocolatier Yildiz Holding sold†¦show more content†¦The aim of all these is showig the consumer how Godiva give importance them in term of their need and wants or feeling special pleasure. Focus: Douglas Conant who is the chief executive officer of Campell Soup, the former owner of Godiva said: Although the premium chocolate category is experiencing strong growth and Godiva is well positioned for the future, the premium chocolate business does not fit in with Campbells strategic focus†( (Miller, Aug., 2007) and Ulker is the leading foods and beverages group of YÄ ±ldÄ ±z Holding and Ulker is really competitive especially in the chocolate sector. The company aimed its leadership in chocolate in Turkey to the world. So they could really focused on chocoloate, new innovations and entering into new markets like China, Dubai. Management orientation: Godiva responds to global marketing opportunities according to their World view on management. In other words, Godiva has geocentric orientation with pursuing marketing opportunities all around the Worll with both extension and adaptation strategies. For example in China capturing its shares of China market, Godiva has introduced several product lines to Chinese cultures and customs such as dragon-themed chocolates for the 2012 Chinese New Year. (Segarra, Sept., 2012 ) At the same time there are similarities in the areas of product design andShow MoreRelatedMarketing and Godiva1212 Words   |  5 Pagesservice. This promotion can attract more customers to buy more to eliminate the shipping cost. This is one of the solutions to increase their sales revenue. 3. What are the compelling business reasons for Godiva to set up the website? There are few compelling business reasons for Godiva to set up the website. Firstly it’s because of the professional image. A proper and informative website can show their image as professional to the public. A well-designed website can attract more visitorsRead MoreGodiva Marketing Assignment9205 Words   |  37 PagesExecutive Summary Godiva chocolate has been a paramount in its field of expertise, chocolate. It has an annual sale of $500 million. Offering a very interactive and personal customer service, where customers could feel the staff’s sincerity. Our clients are chocolate lovers who love to indulge in the rich and delicious world of chocolate. Godiva chocolate offers a variety of chocolate which includes truffles, pralines, ganaches, nuts, fruit liquor, caramel, white chocolate, dark chocolateRead MoreKey Components Of Marketing Plan For Godiva Gems923 Words   |  4 PagesNAME: ELVIS BITOK KEY COMPONENTS OF MARKETING PLAN FOR GODIVA GEMS INTRODUCTION Marketing plan is key component of attaining companies’ objectives. The study seeks to examine the key components of marketing plan for Godiva Gems. LITERATURE REVIEW Segmentation It is the division of a market into homogeneous groups of consumers, each expected to respond to a different marketing mix (Dictionary of Business). Segmentation bases on: (1) Geographic segmentation: divides customers into segments based onRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The Media977 Words   |  4 PagesGodiva currently utilizes social media in the footer of each webpage; among the social media icons present are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Google+, and YouTube. Additionally, social media sharing and engagement icons are present on each product view. Users are able to â€Å"Like† an item on Facebook, tweet it on Twitter, pin it on Pinterest, or click on the G+ Share link. Website visitors that are already logged into any of these accounts on their computers will not have to log into socialRead MoreUsing The Portrayal Of Sex, Pathos, Logos, And Logos923 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertisement that can be applied here is for Godiva chocolate. This ad contain s a model showing the chocolate in her hand, along with the word ‘GODIVA’ written largely, and some smaller words around it. Digging a little deeper, it’s not just any model, but a very attractive one. She is dressed in what looks to be sleepwear, and a cardigan draping off her shoulders. Not only that, her makeup is very dark around the eyes, making them look more sultry and seductive. The Godiva campaign uses sex appeal to sell theirRead MoreGodiva Analysis2309 Words   |  10 PagesGODIVA DESCRIPTIVE REPORT This document is based on sector studies, special reports or other publications and resources prepared by e-Business W@tch. The European Commission, Enterprise Industry Directorate General, launched e-Business W@tch in late 2001 to monitor the growing maturity of electronic business across different sectors of the economy in the enlarged European Union, EEA and Accession countries. All publications are available in full length on the internet at the e-Business Read MoreDelaying marriage is increasing in last decade, couples used to stay in a better financial position1700 Words   |  7 PagesStore is providing online shopping. In fact, Jusco Store is implementing multi-channel and social marketing, in order to cater for various needs of different market segments, expand its potential market and ultimately raise its market share. Thus, if any new department stores attempt to enter department store marketing in Hong Kong. Jusco Store will be a strong competition and good reference for marketing strategies. One-child households also indicate that lower needs for support for schools. CompetitionRead MoreCharles Chocolates Case Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagesa large market in the United States and continues to grow around 10% annually. It is also populated with very strong competitors both internationally, with companies like Godiva (Nestle), and local companies like Delice. Both competitors are priced higher than Charles and have higher sales. This is most likely because Godiva and Delice have modern trendy packaging for their products. The number and strength of competitors means that buyers have very high bargaining power, but it also means thatRead MoreGodiva Chocolatier Swot2787 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Godiva has for a long time now being among the leading corporations in its area of expertise, chocolate. Currently, it records a sale of 500 million USD per year. It offers a very interactive, as well as customer service, where consumers are able to feel the staffs’ sincerity. Company history Godiva Chocolatier is a multinational Company that deals with manufacturing of premium chocolates and other products related to chocolates. Godiva was founded in 1926, in Belgium, but laterRead MoreRogers Chocolates1026 Words   |  5 Pagesdecreasing growth rate in the chocolate industry. Second are the changes in who buys the product and how they are used because as mentioned in the text, 20 percent of the â€Å"heavy users’ account for 54 percent of the pre-Christmas sales. Third is marketing innovation because their customers and clients had environmental concerns in bettering their packaging, procurement, and operational decisions. Fourth driving force are the entry or exit of major firms and this can been seen with companies like Hershey’s

A Research Report On The Environment - 742 Words

An accurate account of the research is presented by the central obligation of the author, as an important objective discussion. The resource has to be used wisely and economically by an author because it is a precious resource and created at significant cost. The main research report ought to include sufficient information and resource to the public to allow the peers of authors to repeat the study. The unusual materials of the samples and unavailable that are made a reasonable effort by the author, when requested; for example, microorganism strains, antibodies, clones, etc. The influential publications that are cited by authors, which are in determining the reported nature. This helps the reader to comprehend the earlier work to†¦show more content†¦The time to publish is not clear for the scientific research, and it is required from an author to timeliness and significant balance to reach at a manuscript of high-quality. When the study is done significant results, the auth or should publish it. Furthermore, the author should report not only the results that support the research, but reporting all the results. The research results, which it is important, describe accurately and fully. The scientific presentation ought to have representative data and calculations. The analyses ought to include all the data. An implicit assumption of published work is being the reproducibility of the results. All authors who ought to have done substantial and significant intellectual contributions to the study being reported (Coghill, 2006). r attribution and the contributions of others must be included with appropriate referencing by scientific publication, which is the placement between the results and context of the research field. The authors must cite the important clues and experiments. The manuscript s sections (introduction and discussion) ought to be very clear to what the others work that has contributed to the reported research. Also, when the authors present data on previously published, they ought to indicate to them. Moreover, direct quotation is exactly the same a few words from origin and must be indicated

Brand Management for Conceptual and Methodological Foundations

Question: Discuss about theBrand Management for Conceptual and Methodological Foundations. Answer: Market segmentation Market segmentation is an important aspect for any developing business as depending on the selection of the audience, targeting the audience and production positioning is determined. In case this photo, video and music editing application, the market segmentation should be properly determined as it is a new brand and hence the risk should be minimized in the initial market assessment. According to Wedel and Kamakura (2012), the three basic tricks should be implemented to decide the market segmentation such as customers needs, wants and demands. Hence, to be able to do that, segmentation should be carried out according to the demographics, behavior, geographic and psychographic segmentation. While the demographic segmentations decides the target population depending on the sex, age, family size, occupation, income and race and nationality of the customer, behavioral segmentation used young, old or mature behavior to decide the kind of market they will be targeting (McDonald and Dunbar 2012). In case of INBIZ, the behavioral market segmentation will be used as the prime function of the application is segmented within one age group of the society that uses such mobile application more than any other age group. Target Market For any successful business, it is important to select a target group to which the products will be provided as the demand for the product is higher in that segment. Therefore selection of potential target group for the business determines the target strategy of the organization and determines the success of the product as well (Harms and Schiele 2012). Hence for the INBIZ application, the younger generation, specially the one having interest in music and arts will be targeted as through this application their passion for good music and good art or photography both will be fulfilled. Further, deciding a small section from a large pool of audience will help them to focus on one market segment within a market mix, determining the growth of the business and the product (AghDaie and Alimardani 2015). This is an important aspect of INBIZ, as it will help to grow the intercommunication skill within the market and the makers of the application will be able to identify the businesses having similar needs that the INBIZ organization hopes to serve the customers. Further knowing the target population prior to production will help the authorities to decide the resources according to the need of the application (Harms and Schiele 2012). Competitive analysis Analysis of the market competition is another aspect of determining the market preferences and target audience. A detailed assessment of the market competitors strength weakness and the own companies opportunities and threats provide the business with an opportunity to develop their marketing skills and production to take an edge against their competitors (Chen 2014). In case of this INBIZ editing application, the developers should be aware of the market competitors as here are several other music and video editing applications are present within the market having a strong user base (Wedel and Kamakura 2012). Hence, using their competitors weaknesses, the INBIZ can grow their user base within the target market. References Aghdaie, M.H. and Alimardani, M., 2015. Target market selection based on market segment evaluation: a multiple attribute decision making approach.International Journal of Operational Research,24(3), pp.262-278. Chen, K.Y., 2014. Improving importance-performance analysis: The role of the zone of tolerance and competitor performance. The case of Taiwan's hot spring hotels.Tourism Management,40, pp.260-272. Harms, R. and Schiele, H., 2012. Antecedents and consequences of effectuation and causation in the international new venture creation process.Journal of international entrepreneurship,10(2), pp.95-116. McDonald, M. and Dunbar, I., 2012.Market segmentation: How to do it and how to profit from it. John Wiley Sons. McDonald, M. and Dunbar, I., 2012.Market segmentation: How to do it and how to profit from it, 4th edn, pp. 47-143, John Wiley Sons. Wedel, M. and Kamakura, W.A., 2012.Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8).2nd edn, pp 134-178, Springer Science Business Media.

Management Information Systems Business Operations

Question: Discuss about the Management Information Systems for Business Operations. Answer: Introduction Technology has been in a state of development since the last decade. The business operations of the company has also been promoted and developed due to the change in information technology (Barel, Paye, Maibach, 2014). In the present business world there are number of ways by which security of information and data could be managed. Procter Gamble Company has been selected for developing ways for security of the information system. This report contributes to the analysis of the different ways the security of information system can help an organization. The methods for securing information system have been shown in this report. The Security of Procter Gamble Company has enhanced the business sense of the company. Outsourcing and Social networking services has provided platform for getting access to media news and media is capable of trolling the company. Hence it is important for forming policies to prevent security issues. Analysing Security issues for forming policies of Procter Gamble Security issues of Procter Gamble The Security is the most dominant part of information technology management. The security issues of Procter Gamble Company can be classified into two major causes outsource of information and social sites (Barel, Paye, Maibach, 2014). Outsourcing has been developed over the years in Procter Gamble. It has enhanced the business sense of the company. It involves third party for processing the hard core information of the company. Payrolls and call centres act as outsourcing sectors. Procter Gamble hands over the private and secured data to these sectors. The outsourcing companies store these data over the cloud network. The access may lead to misuse of these confidential and private data (Zhu, et al., 2016). The sensitive information like salary, manufacturing cost, taxes and many more could fall into wrong hand if proper care is not being taken. Social networking services such as twitter and Facebook has become the major source internet engaging (Achrol Gundlach, 2014). It has become the source of communication and connections among customers and Procter Gamble Company. The business operations are at great risk due to the divulging of confidential business information. The organisation has disallowed the social sites from accessing the companys resources. However the internet has provided platform for getting access to media news and media is capable of trolling the company (Zhu, et al., 2016). It is littered with stories of bullying people. Hence it is important for forming policies to prevent security issues. Principles of Securities policies Procter Gamble has to form policies and measure for securing their data and information. It is very difficult for forming means to protect and secure data and information from misuse (Achrol Gundlach, 2014). However, some principles of policies would help Procter Gamble for forming preventive measures to the security threats. They are availability, confidentiality, and integrity. Availability refers to principle of interrupted access of all the required information within the organization. Confidentiality stands for the fact that all the informational resources must be given access to only one authorised person (Wolf et al., 2015). Integrity means that the authorized person should only be allowed to modify and change the information. Threats, Vulnerabilities and Control in Procter Gamble Security issues of an organization can be dealt by understanding each of them on an individual level. They are threats, vulnerabilities and controls (Wolf et al., 2015). Threats are set of situations that could result in harming the operations of the company. Vulnerabilities are some specific weakness of the company. These weaknesses are flaws in security system, fault in designing and lack or protection. Procter Gamble would have to deal with each type these faults for forming the best possible security measures of protecting their information and data. Threats of Information system in Procter Gamble Some major threats that have crucial effect on Procter Gamble are explained below in the table. Removal Process of threat Description Interception It is the way by which external person gets in the information system of Procter Gamble. The block in network would deny the entry of person, program, or any system in information system of Procter Gamble (Lafley Martin, 2013). However the direct copying or tapping of the information could be done by intercepting the unauthorized entry with the help of fake authentication process. Modification It is a progression of the Interception part of threat resolving process. In case of unauthorised entry, the information and data stored could be tampered and changed. As for example, database modification and transmission data could be hacked and changed by the rival company of Procter Gamble (Konik, Theuer Venz, 2013). Interruption It occurs when Procter Gamble loose the access to their resources. Hardware theft and program bugging are examples of interruption in information system (Konik, Theuer, Venz, 2013). The data and information of Procter Gamble may also be deleted accidentally and it would also result in hindering the progress. Fabrication It refers the counterfeit objects within the information system of Procter Gamble. The malicious programs, bugs and spurious entry in data sheet would hinder the progress of the company. According to Yi, Smith, Ardwin, (2016), Keystroke logging is also a major cause for affecting the security system of Procter Gamble. Table1: Threats that affect Procter Gamble (Source: Lafley Martin, 2013, pp.-8) Vulnerabilities could be either technological or person dependent. In organizations, the data breach and security breaker are mostly oriented from people. It has been seen that the misuse of the resources of company or deliberate fraud to the company are the major vulnerabilities of the company (Wright, 2014). The technological vulnerabilities of Procter Gamble could be termed as the flaw in the planning and designing of the security system. It has made getting into the network of the company easy for the external people. Some examples of technological vulnerabilities include buffer overflow and denial of service. Buffer Overflow: In buffer overflow, the attackers target the application that is not multitasking (Carrie Wilshire, 2013). Hence it becomes easy to overflow the services of the application by attacking that particular application. Security controls are the methods and tools that can be used for mitigating the risk of vulnerabilities. It can be classified as detective, preventive or responsive. The presentive security control acts as a safeguard rather than detection model. Policies of Information security in Procter Gamble The policies for security of information and data in Procter Gamble have six essential components. They are objectives, audience, purpose, exceptions, policy, and disciplinary action. 1. Objectives are the clearly stated aims of Procter Gamble while forming the policies (Wright, 2014). The security of the information is the main reason behind the formation of policies. 2. Audience is used for defining the underlying scope of Procter Gamble and the audience affected by the policies. 3. Purpose has been used for noting and pointing out the reasons for the existence of policy in Procter Gamble. 4. Exceptions clearly state the terms and condition when the formed policies would cease to work. In some extreme cases these policies would not be valid for application in Procter Gamble. 5. Policy defines the actual policy that has been made up to deal with the security issues in Procter Gamble (Payaud, 2014). 6. Disciplinary actions are the set of action and consequences that one has to face if any of the policies made in Procter Gamble would be broken. Analysing ways for improving security measures in Procter Gamble Understanding the security lax: it is very important for understanding the weakness of the information system (Fang et al., 2014). If the designer does not know the errors of the design, he or she would not be able to protect their system from external hack. Hence understanding the flaws of the security system is very crucial in Procter Gamble. Prototypes of the information system design should be checked for gathering intelligence on the flaws of the design. Confidentiality of information: The information system of Procter Gamble should maintain its confidentiality for operations from external users. The computer system of Procter Gamble should maintain the protocol of authentication for allowing anyone through the security wall. The authentication process can be divided into two stages identification and authentication (Fang et al., 2014). Identification is the process by which the information system verifies that legitimate user. If anyone else would try to get into the network, the system would not allow the access to information and data. It can be done by deploying password protection and question and answer options. Business continuity assessment policy: Procter Gamble can form the business continuity assessment policy for 1. Understanding the impact of interruptions in the company 2. Calculating the tolerance of system down, on system by system basis 3. Priorities of the business at those situations 4. Resource requirements for restoring critical business process (Payaud, 2014) Sample risk assessment policy of Procter Gamble for information security Section P [Procter Gamble] Information security Effective date: Sub head Risk assessment of Information security Change controlling factor #: Policy Authentication and Password protection Approved by: Objective To control the security of information, Procter Gamble would form the authentication and password protection in the company. Purpose This policy would ensure that the information system of Procter Gamble would be limited to authorised use (Union, 2014). The risk of data breach and information infiltration could be minimized. Audience It is applicable to all the employees, customers, managers, and stakeholders of Procter Gamble. Policy The information technology team would form designs for increasing the security of the information of Procter Gamble (Li, 2014). Threats to the information system would be analysed and their probability of occurrence would be reduced. Disaster preparation would anticipate the methods for sorting the problems caused by the data leak and information misuse. Contingency planning would be helpful in forming a surrogate planning when the first plan for implementation fails to procure the desired result (Sittig, Gonzalez Singh, 2014). Exceptions None Disciplinary actions Violation of the policy would be dealt with stern and strict actions. Legal prosecution would be taken by Procter Gamble against such actions under civil and criminal laws (Li, 2014). The employees would be terminated and interns and volunteers would be dismissed from the service. Table 2: Risk assessment policy of Procter Gamble (Source: (Sittig, Gonzalez Singh, 2014, pp.- 803) Ethics, law and morality of information system in Procter Gamble It is important for maintaining the operations of the business without affecting the moral values of the company. Procter Gamble would have to maintain their information system Figure 1: Comparison of Moral and Legal activities (Source: Hubin, 2014, pp.- 89) Normative framework of business ethics in Procter Gamble The ethics refer to the science of society. It helps people for socializing and surviving among the people. It promotes the survival of culture, society, individuals, civilizations, and business (Hubin, 2014). The ethics of business consist of interactions among the firms, industries, society, individuals, and state. The ethical theory is helpful in sorting out the ethical issues of Procter Gamble that may be seen in their operations. The ethical issues of a business organization can be dealt by understanding PAPA acronym (Michael Byner, 2013). PAPA stands for privacy, accuracy, property, and accessibility. Privacy concerns with the ability for protecting their information from external. Accuracy is the concept of providing and achieving correct values and information in business operations. Property is the data and information collected by an individual. That individual would be the owner of it (Michael Byner, 2013). However in case of corporations, the company who has paid for the information could counter claim the property. Accessibility is process of making data available for all the potential users. Code of Ethics and Corporate social responsibility in Procter Gamble The recent awareness among people for the ethical issues in information system has caused growth of code of ethics or conduct or practice in them. The complete ethical treatment is used for understanding the applications of information system (Union, 2014). The society allows the existence of separate entities for the owners of Procter Gamble. The economy of the company is huge and it has caused people for expecting large from the company. CSR helps in initiating two fold aspects of strengthening the business and contributing to the society (Brief et al., 2016). Procter Gamble pursues CSR for reflecting the personal interests of senior executives. In the supply chain model, CSR participates for forming partnership with community groups. The three pronged approach of CSR are Consolidation of CSR efforts- the time of operations is limited and it is very hard to save them Understanding the benefit- Spending the time for strategising the approach Finding the partners- Selecting partners for mutual benefits Sustainability in Procter Gamble- Sustainability is very important for Procter Gamble from operational point of view (Brief et al., 2016). It involves ensuring the resources of the company. Information System governance in Procter Gamble The Chief information officer plays a crucial role for providing leadership in technology implementation and business operations in Procter Gamble. The management structure of Procter Gamble can be understood by analysing the four major Information system management structures. Figure 2: Four major Information system management structures (Source: Eddy, Gooi Chen, 2015, pp.- 33) SWOT Analysis of Procter Gamble and relating it to Security issues Figure 3: SWOT analysis of Procter Gamble (Source: Lutkenhaus de Freitas, 2016) Strength- The strengths of Procter Gamble have been greatly influenced by the Management Information system (Bull et al., 2016). The use of e-commerce and latest information system has helped them in achieving market position and brand image. However, the security flaws in their information system might cause Procter Gamble loss of a considerable amount of market name. Weakness- The information system has helped Procter Gamble in expanding their scale of operations. It has resulted in slower operations in Procter Gamble (Bull et al., 2016). Due to the use of latest information system, Procter Gamble might see data and information theft in their operations. It would cost them large amount of operational costing loss. Opportunities- The information system used by Procter Gamble have made it possible for them to grow on a global scale (Gorener, Toker Ulucay, 2012). They have acquired many opportunities for acquisitive growth in other markets. However, the diversification of their business market using information system could be hindered due to flaws in their security plans. Threats- Growth of strong competitors and retailers is the main threat to Procter Gamble (Gorener, Toker Ulucay, 2012). The retailers have started using information system for opposing the market capture of Procter Gamble. Pestle analysis of Procter Gamble Figure 5: Pestle Analysis Framework (Source: Srdjevic, Bajcetic Srdjevic, 2012, pp.-3392) Political- The political environment of Australia largely affects Procter Gamble and its business operations (McGuigan, 2015). The government provides the necessary growth and development opportunities to Procter Gamble. However, the involvement of government for deciding the prices of its commodities can affect the profit margin of Procter Gamble. Economic- Higher unemployment and recession have considerable affects Procter Gamble. The financial position of Procter Gamble can decline due to the adverse effect of economic factors such as financial crisis. Social- Social factors like needs of targeted market and development of employee welfare has considerable effect on Procter Gamble for sustaining profit (McGuigan, 2015). Procter Gamble have to take care of their customers delights and demand for achieving success in their operations. Technological- The latest technological equipment have been used by Procter Gamble in their business operations. It has helped them in increasing the functionality of their operations and getting faster results. Legal and Environmental- Procter Gamble have to abide by the laws, rules and regulations set by Australian government. The company has started recycling of their products for supporting to the environment and dealing with their problems and issues. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded from the report that security of Information System plays a vital role for resolving the ethical, moral and law issues of an organization. Procter Gamble has implemented Business continuation risk assessment policy for dealing with the protecting their information and data. The risk management analysis, SWOT analysis and PESTLE analysis of Procter Gamble in relation to security issues had shown that security of the strategic management and information system should be followed in an organization. Therefore, the technological development has a crucial role in business development and security operations. The security of Information System has provided different types of facilities in the organization. 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